Study:
Burke DG, MacLean PG, Walker RA, Dewar PJ, Smith-Palmer T. Analysis of creatine and creatinine in urine by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1999;732(2):479-85.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10517370/
Key Finding:
Creatine is found in the urine of subjects ingesting creatine monohydrate as an ergogenic aid. Significant amount of creatine is excreted after ingestion. It can also be seen that with a higher dose, a larger absolute amount of creatine is retained, even though the fraction of the dose excreted is larger.
Study:
Burke DG, Silver S, Holt LE, Smith Palmer T, Culligan CJ, Chilibeck PD. The effect of continuous low dose creatine supplementation on force, power, and total work. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2000;10(3):235-44.
Key Finding:
21 days of creatine supplement at a relatively low dose of 7.7 g/day or 0.1g/kg LBM, can positively affect peak force output, peak power output, total work performed until fatigue, and delays onset of fatigue. Beneficial for the people who are involved in sports requiring short bursts of high-intensity activity.
Study:
Burke DG, Chilibeck PD, Parise G, Tarnopolsky MA, Candow DG. Effect of alpha-lipoic acid combined with creatine monohydrate on human skeletal muscle creatine and phosphagen concentration. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2003;13(3):294-302.
Key Finding:
Co-ingestion of 1000 mg/day of α-lipoic acid with 20g/day of creatine and 100 g/day of sucrose can enhance muscle total creatine content as compared to the ingestion of creatine and sucrose or creatine alone.
Study:
Chrusch MJ, Chilibeck PD, Chad KE, Davison KS, Burke DG. Creatine supplementation combined with resistance training in older men. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33(12):2111-7.
Key Finding:
When combined with resistance training, creatine supplementation has been shown to increase lean tissue mass and improve leg strength, endurance, and average power in men.
Study:
Burke DG, Chilibeck PD, Davidson KS, Candow DG, Farthing J, Smith-Palmer T. The effect of whey protein supplementation with and without creatine monohydrate combined with resistance training on lean tissue mass and muscle strength. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2001 Sep;11(3):349-64.
Key Finding:
Males who supplemented with a combination of whey protein and creatine supplementation demonstrated greater increases in lean tissue mass and bench press compared to males who supplemented with only whey protein alone or placebo.
Study:
Chilibeck PD, Stride D, Farthing JP, Burke DG. Effect of creatine ingestion after exercise on muscle thickness in males and females. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004; 36(10):1781-8.
Key Finding:
Arm muscle thickness was demonstrated to greatly increase after training when participants supplemented with creatine. There is a greater increase in lean tissue mass in males compared to females with creatine supplementation.
Study:
Cornish SM, Candow DG, Jantz NT, Chilibeck PD, Little JP, Forbes S, Abeysekara S, Zello GA. Conjugated linoleic acid combined with creatine monohydrate and whey protein supplementation during strength training. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2009;19:79-96.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19403955/
Key Finding:
During heavy resistance training, the combination of creatine, conjugated linoleic acid, and whey protein was beneficial for increasing strength and lean tissue mass in young men and women. Creatine combined with protein was more effective than protein alone for increasing lean-tissue mass.
Study:
Burke DG, Chilibeck PD, Parise G, Candow DG, Mahoney D, Tarnopolsky M. Effect of creatine and weight training on muscle creatine and performance in vegetarians. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(11):1946-55.
Key Finding:
Creatine (0.25g/kg/day for 7d and 0.06g/kg/day thereafter) supplementation for 8 weeks increased exercise performance, such as bench press strength, and led to a greater increase in lean tissue. Total creatine levels have been shown to be significantly lower in both male and female vegetarians compared to non-vegetarians, and vegetarians with initially low creatine levels may overall experience a greater benefit from creatine supplementation.
